Abstract

The shift toward internal South Korea's digitization has developed serious national critical infrastructure vulnerabilities, which are double-edged swords to national security risks. This study aims to capture the threats of state-sponsored cyber operations, such as North Korean assaults, which target key infrastructure sectors. It will also undertake multi-faceted approaches that combine case studies and policy analyses to review infrastructure security. The results indicate that South Korea has developed a basic cybersecurity framework. However, these frameworks are problematic due to gaps in cross-sector countermeasures integration, intelligence, siloed inter-sector collaborative weaknesses, and fragilities associated with human elements and legacy systems. In addition, a lack of proactive monitoring, robust architectural frameworks integrated through advanced architectural techniques, and a lack of decision systems result in gaps in cyber literacy initiatives. This study acts as an initiation in the context of resilience planning policies and deficient cyber-bust policies of politically vulnerable infrastructures, while simultaneously expanding the existing body of works on resilient cyber infrastructure systems. The findings presented here are valuable, especially for countries distinguishing national vulnerabilities in cyber infrastructures and combating geopolitical cyber threats.